GEAS
"Future Electronics Engineer! GEAS (General Engineering and Applied Sciences) - physics, chemistry, and general sciences essential for ECE!"
1. Physics Fundamentals ⚡
Mechanics
- F = ma (Newton's 2nd Law)
- Work W = F·d·cos(θ)
- Power P = W/t = F·v
- KE = ½mv², PE = mgh
Waves & Optics
- v = fλ (wave speed)
- n = c/v (refractive index)
- Snell's Law: n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂
- Critical angle: θc = sin⁻¹(n₂/n₁)
2. Electromagnetic Theory 🧲
| Law | Equation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Coulomb's | F = kq₁q₂/r² | Electric force between charges |
| Gauss's | ∮E·dA = Q/ε₀ | Electric flux through surface |
| Faraday's | EMF = -dΦ/dt | Induced voltage from changing flux |
| Ampere's | ∮B·dl = μ₀I | Magnetic field from current |
Maxwell's Equations
The four laws above, unified to describe all electromagnetic phenomena!
c = 1/√(ε₀μ₀) = 3×10⁸ m/s (speed of light)
3. Thermodynamics 🔥
Laws of Thermodynamics
- 0th Law: Thermal equilibrium is transitive
- 1st Law: ΔU = Q - W (energy conservation)
- 2nd Law: Entropy always increases (heat flows hot→cold)
- 3rd Law: S → 0 as T → 0K
Heat Transfer
Conduction: Q = kA(ΔT)/L
Convection: Q = hA(ΔT)
Radiation: Q = εσAT⁴
4. Chemistry Essentials 🧪
Atomic Structure
- Bohr model: E = -13.6eV/n²
- Electron config: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶...
- Semiconductors: Si, Ge (Group IV)
- Doping: N-type (P, As), P-type (B, Ga)
Materials Science
- Conductors: ρ < 10⁻⁵ Ω·m
- Semiconductors: 10⁻⁵ to 10⁷ Ω·m
- Insulators: ρ > 10⁷ Ω·m
- Band gap: Eg (Si ≈ 1.12eV)
5. Engineering Economy 💰
Time Value of Money
Compound Interest:
F = P(1 + i)ⁿ
P = F/(1 + i)ⁿ
Annuity:
F = A[(1+i)ⁿ - 1]/i
P = A[1 - (1+i)⁻ⁿ]/i
Economic Analysis:
NPV = ΣCF/(1+i)ⁿ | IRR: NPV = 0 | Payback = Investment/Annual Return
6. Practice Questions 📚
Common Board Exam Questions
Q1: Light travels from air (n=1) to glass (n=1.5) at 45°. Find refracted angle.
A: sin(45°)/sin(θ₂) = 1.5 → sin(θ₂) = 0.471 → θ₂ = 28.1°
Q2: A coil with 100 turns sees flux change of 0.01 Wb in 0.1s. Find EMF.
A: EMF = -N(dΦ/dt) = -100 × 0.01/0.1 = -10V (magnitude: 10V)
Q3: P1000 invested at 10% annual interest for 5 years. Find future value.
A: F = 1000(1.1)⁵ = 1000 × 1.6105 = P1,610.51
🔥 ECE Challenge 🔥
Master the sciences! Physics, chemistry, economics - the broad foundation for electronics engineering!
Science explains the how, engineering makes it work!
Test Your Knowledge! 🧠
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