1. Musculoskeletal System 🦴

Bone Classification

Long bones: Femur, tibia, humerus - lever action for movement
Short bones: Carpals, tarsals - stability and limited movement
Flat bones: Scapula, sternum - protection and muscle attachment
Irregular bones: Vertebrae, facial bones - various functions
Sesamoid bones: Patella - protect tendons from wear

Synovial Joint Types

Hinge: Elbow, knee - flexion/extension
Ball & Socket: Hip, shoulder - multiaxial movement
Pivot: Atlantoaxial, radioulnar - rotation
Condyloid: Wrist, MCP - biaxial movement
Saddle: CMC of thumb - biaxial with rotation
Plane (Gliding): Intercarpal - sliding movements

2. Muscle Physiology 💪

Muscle Fiber Types

Type	Characteristics	Function
Type I (Slow Twitch)	Red, aerobic, fatigue-resistant	Endurance, posture
Type IIa (Fast Oxidative)	Intermediate, aerobic/anaerobic	Sustained power
Type IIb (Fast Glycolytic)	White, anaerobic, fatigue quickly	Power, sprinting

Muscle Contraction Types

Isometric: No length change, tension develops (holding position)
Isotonic Concentric: Muscle shortens against resistance
Isotonic Eccentric: Muscle lengthens while contracting (controls movement)
Isokinetic: Constant velocity throughout ROM (requires special equipment)

3. Nervous System for PT 🧠

Spinal Cord Segments & Key Muscles (Myotomes)

C5: Deltoid, Biceps

C6: Wrist extensors

C7: Triceps

C8: Finger flexors

T1: Hand intrinsics

L2: Hip flexors

L3: Knee extensors

L4: Ankle dorsiflexors

L5: Toe extensors

S1: Ankle plantarflexors

S2: Toe flexors

Dermatome Key Landmarks

C6: Thumb
C7: Middle finger
C8: Little finger
T4: Nipple line
T10: Umbilicus
L4: Medial leg, big toe
L5: Dorsum of foot
S1: Lateral foot, small toe

Pro Tip para sa Board Exam

Master ang myotomes at dermatomes! Laging tanong sa board exam ang spinal cord levels at kanilang corresponding muscles/sensory areas. Use mnemonics: "C5-6-7-8 raise your arm and keep it straight!"

Anatomy & Physiology