Psychological Assessment
"Psychometrician! Testing and Assessment. Validity vs Reliability. Ito ang foundation ng psychological testing!"
1. What is Psychological Assessment? 📋
Psychological Assessment ay ang systematic process ng pag-gather, pag-analyze, at pag-interpret ng psychological information tungkol sa isang individual.
Purpose
- Diagnose mental health issues
- Measure personality traits
- Evaluate cognitive abilities
- Predict job performance
Methods
- Standardized tests
- Interviews
- Observation
- Rating scales
2. Reliability: Consistency is Key ✅
Reliability = Can the test produce CONSISTENT results? Kung mag-test ka twice, magkakapareho ba ang results?
| Type of Reliability | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Test-Retest | Same test, taken twice at different times | IQ test buwan 1 vs buwan 2 should be similar |
| Internal Consistency | All items measure same construct (Cronbach's alpha) | Depression scale items all relate to depression |
| Alternate Forms | Different versions of same test (Form A vs Form B) | SAT Form 1 at Form 2 should measure same thing |
| Inter-Rater | Two raters agree on same assessment | 2 psychologists rate same behavior, similar scores |
3. Validity: Measuring What You're Supposed To 🎯
Validity = Does the test ACTUALLY measure what it claims to measure? Important memory aid: RELIABILITY = CONSISTENCY, VALIDITY = ACCURACY
| Type of Validity | What it Tests | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Content Validity | Does it cover all important topics? | Math exam should test algebra, geometry, calculus - not just algebra! |
| Criterion Validity | Does it relate to real-world outcomes? | SAT scores should predict college GPA (Predictive) OR correlate with other intelligence tests (Concurrent) |
| Construct Validity | Does it measure the theoretical construct? | Depression scale should correlate with depression symptoms, not happiness |
| Face Validity | LOOKS like it measures what it should (not scientific!) | Intelligence test that looks like it measures intelligence |
4. Standard Scores & Interpretation 📊
Paano natin ino-interpret ang test results? Using standardized scores:
Common Standard Scores:
- T-Score: Mean = 50, SD = 10. Range: 20-80. Higher = better performance
- Z-Score: Mean = 0, SD = 1. Tells how many SDs from mean a score is
- IQ Scores: Mean = 100, SD = 15. 70-130 normal range
- Percentile: What % of people scored below this person? (0-99)
- Stanines: 1-9 scale, Mean = 5, each = 0.5 SD
5. Types of Psychological Tests 🧪
Maraming uri ng tests, tuwing may iba't ibang purpose:
| Test Type | What it Measures | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Tests | Intelligence, aptitude, achievement | IQ tests, SAT, NMAT, NLE |
| Personality Tests | Personality traits, characteristics | MBTI, Big Five, 16PF |
| Projective Tests | Unconscious thoughts & feelings | Rorschach inkblot, TAT (Thematic Apperception) |
| Clinical Tests | Mental health, psychopathology | MMPI-2, BDI (depression), BAI (anxiety) |
6. Ethics in Psychological Testing 📜
Psychometricians must follow ethical guidelines:
🔒 Confidentiality
Keep test scores at results private. Only share kung may informed consent.
✅ Competence
Only administer at interpret tests you're trained to use. May certification required!
⚖️ Fairness
Tests must be fair across cultures & groups. Avoid bias sa items & interpretation.
📢 Informed Consent
Tao dapat alam kung what test, why, how results will be used.
7. Practice Questions 📚
Common Exam Questions
Q1: What is the difference between reliability and validity?
A: Reliability = consistency (mag-test twice, parang pareho). Validity = accuracy (measures what it claims). A test can be reliable pero hindi valid!
Q2: A student gets same score on SAT twice. What type of reliability does this show?
A: Test-retest reliability. Same test, different times, same result = consistent.
Q3: An IQ test correlates highly with other IQ tests. What validity is this?
A: Concurrent validity (criterion validity). Relates to other measures of same construct.
Q4: A depression scale has all items that relate to depression symptoms. What type of validity?
A: Content validity. Covers all important aspects of depression construct.
Q5: Why is Cronbach's alpha important?
A: Measures internal consistency - whether all items measure same construct. High alpha (>0.70) = good reliability.
Q6: What's the difference between projective and objective tests?
A: Projective (Rorschach, TAT) = ambiguous stimuli, subjective interpretation, unconscious motives. Objective (MMPI) = clear questions, standardized scoring, observable behaviors.
💪 Psychometrician Challenge
Now that you understand reliability at validity, practice identifying them in real tests!
Tip: Remember - Reliability = Consistency, Validity = Accuracy!
Test Your Knowledge! 🧠
Ready ka na ba? Take the practice quiz for Psychological Assessment to reinforce what you just learned.
Start Practice Quiz 📝