Table of Contents
Human Body Systems
Our body is made up of different organ systems that work together to keep us alive and healthy.
Skeletal System
Function: Supports the body, protects organs, and helps us move
- âĒ We have 206 bones in our body
- âĒ Skull protects the brain
- âĒ Ribcage protects the heart and lungs
- âĒ Backbone (spine) supports the body
Muscular System
Function: Helps the body move
- âĒ We have over 600 muscles
- âĒ Muscles are attached to bones
- âĒ The heart is also a muscle
- âĒ Exercise makes muscles stronger
Digestive System
Function: Breaks down food into nutrients
- âĒ Mouth - chews and breaks down food
- âĒ Esophagus - tube that moves food to stomach
- âĒ Stomach - digests food with acids
- âĒ Intestines - absorb nutrients
Respiratory System
Function: Helps us breathe
- âĒ Nose/Mouth - air enters here
- âĒ Trachea - windpipe that carries air
- âĒ Lungs - take in oxygen, release carbon dioxide
- âĒ Diaphragm - muscle that helps lungs expand
Circulatory System
Function: Moves blood throughout the body
- âĒ Heart - pumps blood (beats ~100,000 times/day)
- âĒ Blood vessels - tubes that carry blood
- âĒ Arteries - carry blood away from heart
- âĒ Veins - carry blood back to heart
Plant Life Cycle
Plants go through a life cycle - a series of stages from seed to adult plant.
Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant
1. Seed
2. Germination
3. Seedling
4. Adult Plant
5. Flower
6. Fruit & Seeds
What Plants Need to Grow
Sunlight
For photosynthesis
Water
For nutrients
Air
Carbon dioxide
Soil
For minerals
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is how plants make their own food using:
Animal Habitats
A habitat is the natural home or environment where an animal lives. Animals have special features that help them survive in their habitat.
Forest Habitat ðē
Trees, plants, and shade
Animals: Monkeys, deer, birds, squirrels, snakes
Adaptation: Good climbing, camouflage
Ocean Habitat ð
Saltwater, coral reefs
Animals: Fish, whales, dolphins, sharks, jellyfish
Adaptation: Fins, gills, streamlined body
Desert Habitat ðïļ
Hot, dry, very little water
Animals: Camel, lizard, scorpion, snake
Adaptation: Store water, active at night
Polar Habitat âïļ
Very cold, ice and snow
Animals: Polar bear, penguin, seal, walrus
Adaptation: Thick fur/blubber, white color
Freshwater Habitat ðïļ
Rivers, lakes, ponds
Animals: Frog, fish, turtle, duck, beaver
Adaptation: Webbed feet, can swim
Grassland Habitat ðū
Open areas with grass
Animals: Lion, zebra, elephant, giraffe
Adaptation: Fast runners, good eyesight
Ecosystems
An ecosystem is a community of living things (plants and animals) and non-living things (water, air, soil) that interact with each other.
Food Chain
A food chain shows how energy passes from one living thing to another.
Sun
Energy
Grass
Producer
Rabbit
Herbivore
Fox
Carnivore
Eagle
Top Predator
Producers
Plants that make their own food (grass, trees, algae)
Consumers
Animals that eat other living things
Decomposers
Break down dead things (fungi, bacteria, worms)
Types of Consumers
| Type | What They Eat | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Herbivore | Plants only | Cow, rabbit, deer, elephant |
| Carnivore | Meat only | Lion, shark, eagle, snake |
| Omnivore | Plants and meat | Human, bear, pig, chicken |
Properties of Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Everything around us is made of matter!
Three States of Matter
Solid
- âĒ Has definite shape
- âĒ Has definite volume
- âĒ Particles tightly packed
- âĒ Examples: ice, rock, wood
Liquid
- âĒ Takes shape of container
- âĒ Has definite volume
- âĒ Particles move freely
- âĒ Examples: water, juice, oil
Gas
- âĒ No definite shape
- âĒ No definite volume
- âĒ Particles spread out
- âĒ Examples: air, steam, oxygen
Changes in State
Physical Properties
Color
red, blue, green
Size
big, small
Shape
round, square
Texture
smooth, rough
Mass
heavy, light
Hardness
hard, soft
Flexibility
bendable, stiff
Odor
smelly, odorless
Forces and Motion
A force is a push or pull that can make objects move, stop, or change direction.
Push Force ð
Moving something away from you
- âĒ Pushing a cart
- âĒ Kicking a ball
- âĒ Closing a door
Pull Force ðĪ
Moving something toward you
- âĒ Pulling a wagon
- âĒ Opening a drawer
- âĒ Tug of war
Types of Forces
Gravity
Pulls objects toward Earth. Makes things fall down.
Magnetism
Attracts or repels magnetic materials like iron.
Friction
Slows down or stops moving objects. Rough surfaces have more friction.
Motion
Motion is when something changes position. Objects can move in different ways:
Earth and Weather
Layers of the Earth
Crust
The outer layer we live on. Made of rocks and soil.
Mantle
Hot layer of melted rock below the crust.
Core
The center of Earth. Very hot metal (iron).
Types of Weather
Sunny
Clear sky, hot
Rainy
Rain falling
Cloudy
Clouds cover sky
Windy
Strong winds
Stormy
Thunder, lightning
Snowy
Snow falling
Foggy
Thick mist
Rainbow
After rain + sun
Water Cycle
Evaporation
Water â vapor
Condensation
Vapor â clouds
Precipitation
Rain/snow falls
Collection
Water gathers
The Solar System
Our solar system is made up of the Sun and everything that orbits around it, including 8 planets.
The 8 Planets (in order from the Sun)
Remember: "My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nachos"
Mercury
Closest to Sun, smallest
Venus
Hottest planet
Earth
Our home, has water
Mars
The Red Planet
Jupiter
Largest planet
Saturn
Has beautiful rings
Uranus
Tilted on its side
Neptune
Farthest, very cold
The Sun âïļ
- âĒ A star (ball of hot gas)
- âĒ Center of our solar system
- âĒ Gives us light and heat
- âĒ Much bigger than all planets combined
The Moon ð
- âĒ Earth's natural satellite
- âĒ Orbits around Earth
- âĒ Has phases (new, crescent, full)
- âĒ Causes ocean tides
Day and Night
Earth rotates (spins) on its axis. The side facing the Sun has day, the side facing away has night. One complete rotation = 24 hours (1 day).