Industrial Arts
Occupational Health, Safety, Tools, and Technical Skills
In This Lesson
Occupational Health & Safety
What is OHS?
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is a discipline dealing with the prevention of work-related injuries and diseases, as well as the protection and promotion of workers' health.
OHS Legislation in the Philippines
- RA 11058: OSH Law (2018)
- DOLE D.O. 198-18: Implementing Rules
- TESDA: Competency standards for safety
- Penalties: Fines for non-compliance
Types of Workplace Hazards
Physical
Noise, vibration, radiation, temperature
Chemical
Fumes, gases, dust, solvents
Biological
Bacteria, viruses, mold
Ergonomic
Repetitive motion, posture
Mechanical
Moving parts, sharp edges
Electrical
Shock, burns, electrocution
Hazard Control Hierarchy
- Elimination: Remove the hazard completely
- Substitution: Replace with less hazardous option
- Engineering Controls: Isolate people from hazard
- Administrative Controls: Change work practices
- PPE: Personal protective equipment (last resort)
Personal Protective Equipment
What is PPE?
Equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause workplace injuries and illnesses. PPE is the last line of defense after other controls are implemented.
Head Protection
- Hard hat: Falling objects
- Bump cap: Low clearance areas
- Welding helmet: Arc flash, sparks
- Hair net: Machine entanglement
Eye & Face Protection
- Safety glasses: Flying debris
- Goggles: Splash, dust
- Face shield: Full face protection
- Welding goggles: Intense light
Hand Protection
- Leather gloves: Cuts, abrasion
- Rubber gloves: Chemicals
- Insulated gloves: Electrical work
- Heat-resistant: Hot materials
Foot Protection
- Steel-toe boots: Crushing hazards
- Non-slip soles: Wet surfaces
- Electrical hazard: Insulated
- Chemical resistant: Spills
Hearing Protection
- Ear plugs: Insertable, disposable
- Ear muffs: Over-ear protection
- NRR rating: Noise reduction level
- Required: Above 85 dB exposure
Respiratory Protection
- Dust mask: Non-toxic particles
- N95 respirator: Fine particles
- Half-face: Filtered air
- SCBA: Self-contained breathing
Hand & Power Tools
Tool Safety Guidelines
- Use the right tool for the job
- Inspect tools before use
- Keep tools clean and sharp
- Store properly when not in use
- Never carry tools in pockets
Measuring Tools
- Tape measure: Length measurement
- Steel ruler: Straight edge, precision
- Caliper: Internal/external dimensions
- Level: Horizontal/vertical alignment
- Square: 90-degree angles
- Protractor: Angle measurement
Cutting Tools
Hand Saws
- Crosscut saw
- Rip saw
- Hacksaw (metal)
- Coping saw
Cutting Implements
- Utility knife
- Scissors/snips
- Chisel
- Plane
Fastening Tools
- Hammer: Claw, ball-peen, mallet
- Screwdrivers: Phillips, flathead, Torx
- Wrenches: Adjustable, combination, socket
- Pliers: Slip-joint, needle-nose, locking
- Clamps: C-clamp, bar clamp, spring clamp
Power Tools
Portable
- Drill/driver
- Circular saw
- Jigsaw
- Angle grinder
- Sander
Stationary
- Table saw
- Drill press
- Band saw
- Lathe
- Milling machine
Technical Drawing
What is Technical Drawing?
A precise, detailed drawing used to communicate technical information about objects, structures, or systems. Also called mechanical or engineering drawing.
Drawing Tools
- T-square: Horizontal lines
- Triangles: 45° and 30-60-90°
- Compass: Circles and arcs
- Dividers: Transferring measurements
- Protractor: Measuring angles
- Scale ruler: Proportional measurement
- French curve: Irregular curves
Types of Lines
- Object line: Visible edges (thick, solid)
- Hidden line: Invisible edges (dashed)
- Center line: Symmetry axis (long-short-long)
- Dimension line: Shows measurements
- Extension line: Extends from object
- Cutting plane: Section location
Types of Views
Orthographic
Front, top, side views (2D)
Isometric
3D view at 30° angles
Oblique
3D with front face flat
Perspective
Realistic 3D appearance
CAD Software
Computer-Aided Design has largely replaced manual drafting:
- AutoCAD: Industry standard
- SketchUp: 3D modeling
- SolidWorks: Mechanical design
- FreeCAD: Open source option
Workshop Practices
5S Workplace Organization
Japanese methodology for workplace efficiency:
- Seiri (Sort): Remove unnecessary items
- Seiton (Set in Order): Organize and label
- Seiso (Shine): Clean regularly
- Seiketsu (Standardize): Create procedures
- Shitsuke (Sustain): Maintain discipline
Workshop Safety Rules
- Always wear appropriate PPE
- Keep work area clean and organized
- Know location of fire extinguisher and first aid
- Never operate equipment without training
- Report hazards and accidents immediately
- No horseplay or running in workshop
- Secure loose clothing and hair
- Use machine guards and safety devices
Fire Safety
- Class A: Ordinary (wood, paper) - Water
- Class B: Flammable liquids - CO2, foam
- Class C: Electrical - CO2, dry chemical
- Class D: Metals - Special powder
- PASS: Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep
Material Handling
- Lifting: Bend knees, keep back straight
- Carrying: Close to body, clear path
- Teamwork: Communicate for heavy loads
- Equipment: Use dollies, carts, forklifts
- Stacking: Stable base, weight limits
Emergency Procedures
- Know emergency exits and assembly points
- Understand alarm signals
- Basic first aid for cuts, burns, shocks
- Emergency contact numbers
- Never move seriously injured person