Science
"PUPCET Science? Bio, Chem, Physics - tatlong sangay ng Science ang covered! PUP tests your foundational knowledge sa mga natural sciences. Let's review ang mga common topics, besh!"
1. Biology - Life Sciences
Biology makes up about 40% of PUPCET Science! Focus on cells, genetics, and body systems.
Cell Structure & Function
| Organelle | Function |
|---|---|
| Nucleus | Control center; contains DNA |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse; produces ATP energy |
| Ribosomes | Protein synthesis |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Rough (protein), Smooth (lipid) synthesis |
| Golgi Apparatus | Packages and ships proteins |
| Chloroplast | Photosynthesis (plants only) |
| Cell Membrane | Controls entry/exit (selectively permeable) |
Cell Division
- Mitosis: 2 identical cells (PMAT)
- Meiosis: 4 haploid cells (gametes)
- • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Plant vs Animal Cell
- Plants have: Cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole
- Animals have: Centrioles, lysosomes
- Both have: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
2. Genetics & Heredity
Know Mendel's Laws and how traits are inherited!
Mendel's Laws:
- Law of Segregation: Alleles separate during gamete formation
- Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits sort independently
- Law of Dominance: Dominant allele masks recessive
Punnett Square Ratios
| Cross | Genotype Ratio | Phenotype Ratio |
|---|---|---|
| Aa × Aa | 1:2:1 (AA:Aa:aa) | 3:1 (dominant:recessive) |
| Aa × aa | 1:1 (Aa:aa) | 1:1 |
| AA × aa | All Aa | All dominant |
3. Chemistry Fundamentals
Chemistry covers about 30% of PUPCET Science. Focus on atomic structure and reactions!
Atomic Structure
- Protons: Positive, in nucleus, = atomic number
- Neutrons: Neutral, in nucleus, mass = p + n
- Electrons: Negative, orbit nucleus
- Atomic Number: # of protons
- Mass Number: protons + neutrons
Chemical Bonds
- Ionic: Metal + Nonmetal (transfer electrons)
- Covalent: Nonmetal + Nonmetal (share electrons)
- Metallic: Metal + Metal (electron sea)
pH Scale & Acids/Bases
| pH | Type | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 0-6 | Acid | Lemon (2), Vinegar (3), Coffee (5) |
| 7 | Neutral | Pure water |
| 8-14 | Base/Alkaline | Baking soda (9), Bleach (13) |
Balancing Equations:
Law of Conservation of Mass - atoms in = atoms out. Balance one element at a time!
4. Physics Principles
Physics is about 30% of the exam. Focus on mechanics and basic formulas!
Newton's Laws of Motion
| Law | Statement | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 1st (Inertia) | Object at rest stays at rest | Seatbelt during sudden stop |
| 2nd (F=ma) | Force = mass × acceleration | Heavier objects need more force |
| 3rd (Action-Reaction) | Every action has equal opposite reaction | Rocket propulsion |
Kinematics Formulas
- v = d/t (velocity)
- a = (vf - vi)/t (acceleration)
- d = vit + ½at² (displacement)
- vf² = vi² + 2ad
Energy Types
- KE = ½mv² (Kinetic - motion)
- PE = mgh (Potential - position)
- Energy is conserved: KE + PE = constant
5. Human Body Systems
Know the major organ systems and their functions!
Major Body Systems
| System | Key Organs | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Circulatory | Heart, Blood, Vessels | Transport oxygen & nutrients |
| Respiratory | Lungs, Trachea, Diaphragm | Gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out) |
| Digestive | Stomach, Intestines, Liver | Break down food, absorb nutrients |
| Nervous | Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves | Control & coordination |
| Excretory | Kidneys, Bladder, Skin | Remove waste products |
| Skeletal | Bones, Cartilage, Joints | Support, protection, movement |
| Muscular | Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac | Movement & posture |
6. Earth & Environmental Science
Basic earth science concepts may appear in the exam!
Rock Types
- Igneous: From cooled magma/lava
- Sedimentary: Layers of sediment
- Metamorphic: Changed by heat/pressure
Ecology Terms
- Producer: Makes own food (plants)
- Consumer: Eats other organisms
- Decomposer: Breaks down dead matter
Layers of the Atmosphere:
Troposphere (weather) → Stratosphere (ozone) → Mesosphere → Thermosphere → Exosphere
7. Practice Questions
1. What organelle is known as the "powerhouse of the cell"?
Show Answer
MITOCHONDRIA. It produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell, through cellular respiration.
2. If a heterozygous tall plant (Tt) is crossed with a short plant (tt), what percentage will be short?
Show Answer
50% will be short. Punnett Square: Tt × tt = Tt, Tt, tt, tt → 2 tall (Tt), 2 short (tt) → 50% each.
3. What is the pH of a neutral solution?
Show Answer
pH 7 is neutral (pure water). Below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic/alkaline.
4. A 2kg object accelerates at 5 m/s². What force is applied?
Show Answer
10 Newtons. Using F = ma: F = 2 kg × 5 m/s² = 10 N.
PUPCET Science Tips
- • Focus on Biology - it's heavily tested (cells, genetics, body systems)
- • Memorize formulas for Chemistry and Physics - they're not provided!
- • Know the periodic table trends (groups 1, 2, 17, 18 are most important)
- • Review Newton's Laws - very common exam topics
- • Practice unit conversions (km to m, g to kg, etc.)
- • Understand concepts, don't just memorize - PUP tests application
- • Use process of elimination for tricky questions
- • Manage your time - don't spend too long on one item
Test Your Knowledge! 🧠
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