Biology: Cell Structure & Energy
The cell is the basic unit of life. Understanding organelles and how they process energy (Photosynthesis & Respiration) is high-yield for UPCAT and USTET.
| Organelle | Function | Keyword |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | Contains genetic material (DNA) | Control Center |
| Mitochondria | Site of ATP (Energy) production | Powerhouse |
| Ribosomes | Site of Protein Synthesis | Factory |
| Chloroplast | Site of Photosynthesis (Plants) | Solar Panel |
Photosynthesis: CO² + H²O + Light → Glucose + O²
Respiration: Glucose + O² → ATP + CO² + H²O. They are opposites!
Biology: Genetics & DNA
Master the Mendelian genetics and the structure of the DNA molecule.
Phenotype
Physical appearance (e.g., Tall, Blue eyes).
Genotype
Genetic makeup (e.g., TT, Tt, tt).
In DNA: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
In RNA: A pairs with U (Uracil replaces Thymine)!
Biology: Human Anatomy & Systems
Focus on the core functions of major organ systems.
- 1Circulatory: Transport of nutrients and oxygen. (Heart, Blood)
- 2Endocrine: Regulation via hormones. (Pituitary, Thyroid)
- 3Nervous: Rapid response to stimuli. (Brain, Neurons)
Biology: Ecology & Ecosystems
The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
Symbiotic Relationships
- Mutualism: Both benefit (+/+)
- Commensalism: One benefits, one unaffected (+/0)
- Parasitism: One benefits, one harmed (+/-)
Chemistry: Atoms & Periodicity
Understanding the building blocks of matter.
Atomic Number = Protons
Electronegativity and Ionization Energy increase as you move UP and RIGHT on the Periodic Table (Fluorine is king!).
Chemistry: Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bond
Transfer of electrons. (Metal + Non-metal)
Covalent Bond
Sharing of electrons. (Non-metal + Non-metal)
Chemistry: Stoichiometry & Gases
Calculations using balanced chemical equations.
1 mole of gas at STP = 22.4 Liters.
Chemistry: Acids, Bases & pH
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
- 1Acids (pH < 7): Sour, turns blue litmus RED.
- 2Bases (pH > 7): Bitter, turns red litmus BLUE.
- 3Neutral (pH = 7): Pure water.
Physics: Motion (Kinematics)
Studying objects in motion.
a = (v_final - v_initial) / t
In a vacuum, all objects fall at the same rate: g ≈ 9.8 m/s². Weight doesn't matter!
Physics: Newton's Laws of Motion
| Law | Concept |
|---|---|
| Inertia | Objects resist change in motion. |
| Acceleration | F = ma (Force = Mass × Accel) |
| Interaction | Action = Reaction (Equal and Opposite) |
Physics: Energy, Work & Power
Kinetic Energy
KE = ½mv²
Potential Energy
PE = mgh
Work = Force × Distance
Physics: Electricity (Ohm's Law)
V = Voltage (Volts), I = Current (Amperes), R = Resistance (Ohms).
Earth Science: Plate Tectonics
The Earth's crust is divided into plates that move.
- 1Convergent: Plates collide (Mountains, Volcanoes).
- 2Divergent: Plates pull apart (Rift valleys, Oceans).
- 3Transform: Plates slide past (Earthquakes).
Earth Science: Atmosphere & Weather
Layers of the Atmosphere (Bottom to Top):
2. Stratosphere (Ozone layer)
3. Mesosphere (Coldest layer)
4. Thermosphere (Ionosphere)
5. Exosphere (Transition to space)
Earth Science: Astronomy Essentials
Focus on Earth's position and the Solar System.
Revolution: Earth orbiting the Sun (365 days) → Causes Seasons (along with Tilt).
Scientific Mind 🧪
You've mastered the laws of nature for your college entrance exams.